BLUETOOTH -making world more wireless
ABSTRACT:
Bluetooth wireless technology
is a short-range communications technology intended to replace the
cables connecting portable and/or fixed devices while maintaining high
levels of security. The key features of Bluetooth technology are
robustness, low power, and low cost. The Bluetooth specification defines
a uniform structure for a wide range of devices to connect and
communicate with each other.
Bluetooth technology has
achieved global acceptance such that any Bluetooth enabled device,
almost everywhere in the world, can connect to
other Bluetooth enabled devices in proximity. Bluetooth enabled electronic devices connect and communicate wirelessly through short-range, ad hoc networks known as Pico nets. Each device can simultaneously communicate with up to seven other devices within a single Pico net. Each device can also belong to several Pico nets simultaneously. Pico nets are established dynamically and automatically as Bluetooth enabled devices enter and leave radio proximity. A fundamental Bluetooth wireless technology strength is the ability to simultaneously handle both data and voice transmissions. This enables users to enjoy variety of innovative solutions such as a hands-free headset for voice calls, printing and fax capabilities, and synchronizing PDA, laptop, and mobile phone applications to name a few. BLUETOOTH -making world more wireless INTRODUCTION: Bluetooth wireless technology is a short-range radio technology. Bluetooth wireless technology makes it possible to transmit signals over short distances between telephones, computers and other devices and thereby simplify communication and synchronization between devices. It is a global standard that: - eliminates wires and cables between both stationary and mobile devices - facilitates both data and voice communication - offers the possibility of ad hoc networks and delivers the ultimate synchronicity between all your personal devices The Bluetooth wireless technology comprises hardware, software and interoperability requirements. Beyond unleashing devices by replacing cables, Bluetooth wireless technology provides a universal bridge to existing data networks, a peripheral interface, and a mechanism to form small private ad hoc groupings of connected devices away from fixed network infrastructures. Bluetooth radio uses a fast acknowledgement and frequency-hopping scheme to make the link robust, even in noisy radio environments. Where Does The Name Come From? • Ericsson, the main inventor, borrowed the name from Harald Bluetooth (son of Gorm) – The King of Denmark circa 900AD – United Denmark and Norway • This seemed like a good name for uniting many dissimilar devices from different manufacturers. What Is Bluetooth? A wireless technology specifically for: •Short range applications – Up to 10 meters (100 meters optionally) • Modest performance (721Kbps) • Dynamic configurability – i.e. ad hoc networking/roaming • Low power consumption – Well suited to handheld applications • Provides support for both voice and data What Is Bluetooth Good For? • No Wires – In the home – On the move • Personal Area Networking (PAN) – Enables a collection of your personal devices to Cooperatively work together (headset with cell phone, etc.) • Locality sensitive services – Visibility and access to additional resources, but only when they are within range and useful to you Benefits Surf and Sync • Need to check your email or a web page on your laptop? Start a GPRS connection to the Internet with your phone, then connect your phone and PC using Bluetooth. Your laptop is now online • Synchronize your calendar and contacts wirelessly Entertainment • Wireless multiplayer gaming (check out the N-Gage™ game deck) • With a Bluetooth-enabled headset, you can listen to MP3s or FM radio on your phone without wires getting in the way - and the music stops automatically if you get an incoming call Audio • Use a headset supporting Bluetooth and lose the wires • Nokia wireless headsets also allow you to handle calls from the earpiece (answer/reject and end calls, adjust volume, last number redial, and so on) Car • Less clutter in your car • Get in your car and your phone and Bluetooth enabled Nokia car kit automatically initiate a network using Bluetooth technology Imaging • Send pictures to another phone or PC • Print images directly from your phone Range: The operating range depends on the device class: Class 3 radios – have a range of up to 1 meter or 3 feet Class 2 radios – most commonly found in mobile devices – have a range of 10 meters or 30 feet Class 1 radios – used primarily in industrial use cases – have a range of 100 meters or 300 feet Power How Does Bluetooth Work? • There are several devices in range forming a small net (Piconet). • There are several states of these devices: – Master – Active Slave – Parked Slave – Sniff – Hold – Standby In the Beginning: • Initially Bluetooth devices only know about themselves – Everyone passively monitors in Standby mode – No devices are synchronized Inquiry: • Inquiry discovers what other devices are within range Paging: • Paging creates a Master/Slave link called a Piconet Parking: • To save power and/or to connect to even more devices Active Slaves can be Parked (up to 256 total) Radio: • Sends and receives data on the lowest level • Operates on 2.4 GHz ISM, uses 79 channels • Its range is 10 meters (100 meters optionally using higher output power) • Bit rate is 1 Mbps • During transmission uses frequency hops (driven by Baseband) Baseband (1): • Performs all digital data processing operations – Speech coding – Data whitening – Optional encryption/decryption – Packetization – Header and payload error detection and correction • Manages and controls the radio interface Baseband (2): • Uses time slots, each 625 s in length • Emulates full duplex with Time-Division Duplex • Controls frequency hops using pseudo-random generator (nominal hop rate is 1600 hops/s). • Offers two types of channels – One Asynchronous Connection-Less (ACL) link • 723.2 kb/s + 57.6 kb/s (asymmetric) • 433.0 kb/s (symmetric) – Three Synchronous Connection-Oriented (SCO) links • 64 kb/s (in each direction) Link Manager: • Physically manages creation, configuration, and termination of device-to-device links • Also manages the data flow between the L2CAP and Baseband through established channel. – Forwards data from the L2CAP to the Baseband with its associated link specific transmission parameters – Forwards data from the Baseband back to the L2CAP associated to its specific source channel L2CAP Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol: • Manages the creation and termination of virtual connections called Channels with other devices – Negotiates and/or dictates parameters • Including Security and Quality of Service (QoS) etc. • Manages data flow between the host and Link Manager – Multiplexing of multiple concurrent host I/O operations – Segmentation And Reassembly (SAR) of various data formats between the host and Bluetooth Host Controller Interface: • Provides a uniform method to access Bluetooth capabilities – Baseband – Link Manager (ACL, SCO) – L2CAP • Works on various hardware (USB, PC Card, RS232, UART, …) Running Other Services on Bluetooth: • Specification defines these emulations – RFCOMM – Serial Port Emulation – IrDA protocol – Telephony Control Protocol – Bluetooth As a WAP Bearer • LAN is emulated with PPP over RFCOMM – IETF prepares standard for running TCP/IP on native L2CAP Bluetooth Vs. Other WLANs Technology Bluetooth Home RF 802 11b Hyper LAN 802 11A Hyper LAN2 Frequency Band 24GHz 2.4GHz 2.4GHz 2.4GHz 5GHz 5GHz Technology Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Gaussian Minimum shift Keying Orthogonal Freq Division Multiplexing Orthogonal Freq Multiplexing Performance 720kbps 1.6Mbps 11Mbps 23Mbps -50Mbps -50Mbps Range < 10 moters 50 meters 100 meters ? ? ? Power Very Low Medium Medium Medium Medium High? Medium High? Relative Cost Low very low Medium / Low Medium Medium High High Target Applications Cable Replacement Wireless Data Wireless Voice Personal Networks Wireless Date Wireless Voice Wireless Data Wireless Data Wireless Data Wireless Data Fixed NW Support PPP Ethernet ? Ethernet Ethernet Ethernet Ethernet IP, ATM, PPP,1394 UMTS Key Features Very low power Voice and Date Roaming Low Cast Good noise immunity Voice and Data Moderate Cost Good Performance Good Performance High Performance High Performance Promoters 2000+ <50 -100 <50 -100 <50 Regional Support World wide US US/Asia Europe US Europe Shipping Now Now Now Now 2001 2001 Conclusion: Since Bluetooth chips are tiny and consume very little power, we're now seeing the widespread deployment of Bluetooth throughout mobile phones and other digital devices. The popularity of Bluetooth technology then encourages developers and manufacturers to produce new products supporting Bluetooth, so who knows what we will be using it for in the future! References: • Bluetooth Official Info Site (www.bluetooth.com) • Nokia (www.nokia.com/bluetooth) • Ericsson (www.ericsson.com/technology/Bluetooth.shtml) • IBM (www.research.ibm.com/Bluetooth) • Toshiba (www.toshiba.com) • Intel (www.intel.com/mobile/technology/wireless.htm) – Y2K Additions • Motorola (www.motorola.com/bluetooth) • Lucent Technologies (www.lucent.com) • 3com (www.3com.com)
other Bluetooth enabled devices in proximity. Bluetooth enabled electronic devices connect and communicate wirelessly through short-range, ad hoc networks known as Pico nets. Each device can simultaneously communicate with up to seven other devices within a single Pico net. Each device can also belong to several Pico nets simultaneously. Pico nets are established dynamically and automatically as Bluetooth enabled devices enter and leave radio proximity. A fundamental Bluetooth wireless technology strength is the ability to simultaneously handle both data and voice transmissions. This enables users to enjoy variety of innovative solutions such as a hands-free headset for voice calls, printing and fax capabilities, and synchronizing PDA, laptop, and mobile phone applications to name a few. BLUETOOTH -making world more wireless INTRODUCTION: Bluetooth wireless technology is a short-range radio technology. Bluetooth wireless technology makes it possible to transmit signals over short distances between telephones, computers and other devices and thereby simplify communication and synchronization between devices. It is a global standard that: - eliminates wires and cables between both stationary and mobile devices - facilitates both data and voice communication - offers the possibility of ad hoc networks and delivers the ultimate synchronicity between all your personal devices The Bluetooth wireless technology comprises hardware, software and interoperability requirements. Beyond unleashing devices by replacing cables, Bluetooth wireless technology provides a universal bridge to existing data networks, a peripheral interface, and a mechanism to form small private ad hoc groupings of connected devices away from fixed network infrastructures. Bluetooth radio uses a fast acknowledgement and frequency-hopping scheme to make the link robust, even in noisy radio environments. Where Does The Name Come From? • Ericsson, the main inventor, borrowed the name from Harald Bluetooth (son of Gorm) – The King of Denmark circa 900AD – United Denmark and Norway • This seemed like a good name for uniting many dissimilar devices from different manufacturers. What Is Bluetooth? A wireless technology specifically for: •Short range applications – Up to 10 meters (100 meters optionally) • Modest performance (721Kbps) • Dynamic configurability – i.e. ad hoc networking/roaming • Low power consumption – Well suited to handheld applications • Provides support for both voice and data What Is Bluetooth Good For? • No Wires – In the home – On the move • Personal Area Networking (PAN) – Enables a collection of your personal devices to Cooperatively work together (headset with cell phone, etc.) • Locality sensitive services – Visibility and access to additional resources, but only when they are within range and useful to you Benefits Surf and Sync • Need to check your email or a web page on your laptop? Start a GPRS connection to the Internet with your phone, then connect your phone and PC using Bluetooth. Your laptop is now online • Synchronize your calendar and contacts wirelessly Entertainment • Wireless multiplayer gaming (check out the N-Gage™ game deck) • With a Bluetooth-enabled headset, you can listen to MP3s or FM radio on your phone without wires getting in the way - and the music stops automatically if you get an incoming call Audio • Use a headset supporting Bluetooth and lose the wires • Nokia wireless headsets also allow you to handle calls from the earpiece (answer/reject and end calls, adjust volume, last number redial, and so on) Car • Less clutter in your car • Get in your car and your phone and Bluetooth enabled Nokia car kit automatically initiate a network using Bluetooth technology Imaging • Send pictures to another phone or PC • Print images directly from your phone Range: The operating range depends on the device class: Class 3 radios – have a range of up to 1 meter or 3 feet Class 2 radios – most commonly found in mobile devices – have a range of 10 meters or 30 feet Class 1 radios – used primarily in industrial use cases – have a range of 100 meters or 300 feet Power How Does Bluetooth Work? • There are several devices in range forming a small net (Piconet). • There are several states of these devices: – Master – Active Slave – Parked Slave – Sniff – Hold – Standby In the Beginning: • Initially Bluetooth devices only know about themselves – Everyone passively monitors in Standby mode – No devices are synchronized Inquiry: • Inquiry discovers what other devices are within range Paging: • Paging creates a Master/Slave link called a Piconet Parking: • To save power and/or to connect to even more devices Active Slaves can be Parked (up to 256 total) Radio: • Sends and receives data on the lowest level • Operates on 2.4 GHz ISM, uses 79 channels • Its range is 10 meters (100 meters optionally using higher output power) • Bit rate is 1 Mbps • During transmission uses frequency hops (driven by Baseband) Baseband (1): • Performs all digital data processing operations – Speech coding – Data whitening – Optional encryption/decryption – Packetization – Header and payload error detection and correction • Manages and controls the radio interface Baseband (2): • Uses time slots, each 625 s in length • Emulates full duplex with Time-Division Duplex • Controls frequency hops using pseudo-random generator (nominal hop rate is 1600 hops/s). • Offers two types of channels – One Asynchronous Connection-Less (ACL) link • 723.2 kb/s + 57.6 kb/s (asymmetric) • 433.0 kb/s (symmetric) – Three Synchronous Connection-Oriented (SCO) links • 64 kb/s (in each direction) Link Manager: • Physically manages creation, configuration, and termination of device-to-device links • Also manages the data flow between the L2CAP and Baseband through established channel. – Forwards data from the L2CAP to the Baseband with its associated link specific transmission parameters – Forwards data from the Baseband back to the L2CAP associated to its specific source channel L2CAP Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol: • Manages the creation and termination of virtual connections called Channels with other devices – Negotiates and/or dictates parameters • Including Security and Quality of Service (QoS) etc. • Manages data flow between the host and Link Manager – Multiplexing of multiple concurrent host I/O operations – Segmentation And Reassembly (SAR) of various data formats between the host and Bluetooth Host Controller Interface: • Provides a uniform method to access Bluetooth capabilities – Baseband – Link Manager (ACL, SCO) – L2CAP • Works on various hardware (USB, PC Card, RS232, UART, …) Running Other Services on Bluetooth: • Specification defines these emulations – RFCOMM – Serial Port Emulation – IrDA protocol – Telephony Control Protocol – Bluetooth As a WAP Bearer • LAN is emulated with PPP over RFCOMM – IETF prepares standard for running TCP/IP on native L2CAP Bluetooth Vs. Other WLANs Technology Bluetooth Home RF 802 11b Hyper LAN 802 11A Hyper LAN2 Frequency Band 24GHz 2.4GHz 2.4GHz 2.4GHz 5GHz 5GHz Technology Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Gaussian Minimum shift Keying Orthogonal Freq Division Multiplexing Orthogonal Freq Multiplexing Performance 720kbps 1.6Mbps 11Mbps 23Mbps -50Mbps -50Mbps Range < 10 moters 50 meters 100 meters ? ? ? Power Very Low Medium Medium Medium Medium High? Medium High? Relative Cost Low very low Medium / Low Medium Medium High High Target Applications Cable Replacement Wireless Data Wireless Voice Personal Networks Wireless Date Wireless Voice Wireless Data Wireless Data Wireless Data Wireless Data Fixed NW Support PPP Ethernet ? Ethernet Ethernet Ethernet Ethernet IP, ATM, PPP,1394 UMTS Key Features Very low power Voice and Date Roaming Low Cast Good noise immunity Voice and Data Moderate Cost Good Performance Good Performance High Performance High Performance Promoters 2000+ <50 -100 <50 -100 <50 Regional Support World wide US US/Asia Europe US Europe Shipping Now Now Now Now 2001 2001 Conclusion: Since Bluetooth chips are tiny and consume very little power, we're now seeing the widespread deployment of Bluetooth throughout mobile phones and other digital devices. The popularity of Bluetooth technology then encourages developers and manufacturers to produce new products supporting Bluetooth, so who knows what we will be using it for in the future! References: • Bluetooth Official Info Site (www.bluetooth.com) • Nokia (www.nokia.com/bluetooth) • Ericsson (www.ericsson.com/technology/Bluetooth.shtml) • IBM (www.research.ibm.com/Bluetooth) • Toshiba (www.toshiba.com) • Intel (www.intel.com/mobile/technology/wireless.htm) – Y2K Additions • Motorola (www.motorola.com/bluetooth) • Lucent Technologies (www.lucent.com) • 3com (www.3com.com)
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